Seizures can look different depending on the part of the brain affected and can vary in severity. If episodes happen more than once without an obvious cause, it may be epilepsy.

If episodes happen more than once without an obvious cause, it may be epilepsy. There are different types of epilepsy in cats, and they're usually classified based on what's causing the seizures - if a cause can be found at all.

What Causes Epilepsy in Cats?

Epilepsy in cats can have several causes, and understanding the underlying reason is essential for managing the condition.

Idiopathic epilepsy, or primary epilepsy, is one of the most common forms. It causes recurring seizures without any identifiable reason, even after diagnostic testing. This type of epilepsy is often diagnosed by ruling out other possible conditions.

Traumatic epilepsy develops after an injury to the brain, such as being hit by a car or falling from a significant height. The initial head trauma can lead to the formation of scar tissue within the brain, which later interferes with normal electrical signals. Seizures may start days, weeks, or even months after the original injury.

Other medical conditions can also lead to seizures. These include kidney disease, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and other serious infections. High body temperature, problems with the thyroid or liver, or exposure to toxins can also cause seizure activity in cats. In these cases, the seizures are a symptom of the underlying illness.

What Does A Seizure Look Like in a Cat?

Seizure signs depend on which part of the brain is affected. Partial seizures involve just one area of the brain, while generalised seizures affect both sides.

During a generalised seizure, a cat may suddenly fall to one side, shake uncontrollably, paddle their legs, drool or lose control of their bladder or bowels. These seizures often only last a few minutes, but if they occur repeatedly without a full recovery between episodes, it's referred to as cluster seizures.

If the seizure or repeated seizure activity continues for more than 30 minutes, it's considered status epilepticus, a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate veterinary attention.

In contrast, a partial seizure might cause less dramatic symptoms such as jaw snapping, stargazing, chewing or swallowing motions, or sudden aggression. These seizures typically affect the forebrain and may not cause loss of consciousness.

All seizures follow three key phases:

• Pre-ictal: the period just before a seizure begins. It may involve subtle behavioural changes, such as restlessness or anxiety.
• Ictal: the seizure itself, where abnormal electrical activity is occurring.
• Post-ictal: the phase after the seizure. The cat may be disoriented, confused, temporarily blind or extremely tired. This phase can last a few minutes, hours or a few days, depending on the severity of the seizure.

What To Do During A Cat Seizure?

Cats often seek out high places when they feel unwell, which can put them at risk of falling during a seizure. For this reason, if your cat has been diagnosed with epilepsy, limiting their access to cat trees, shelves or elevated areas is a good idea - especially when you're not at home to supervise.

During a seizure, your main priority is to keep your cat safe. If they're in a high place when a seizure starts, gently use a towel to cover and lift them down. Be cautious - paddling legs with claws can cause injury to you. Place blankets or cushions around them to soften any movement and help prevent injury during the seizure.

After a seizure, some cats may panic, become disoriented or act unpredictably. Placing them in a carrier or a secure cat box can help them calm down and recover in a safe space. Always use gentle handling and give them time to settle.

How To Diagnose Epilepsy in Cats?

Diagnosing epilepsy in cats often involves a process of elimination. Your vet will conduct a full physical examination, checking your cat's heart rate, temperature, blood pressure and respiration rate.

Your vet will ask for a detailed description of your cat's episodes and review their medical history. They'll compare what you've observed to the typical symptoms of epilepsy in cats to help guide the next steps. Blood tests are commonly recommended to rule out metabolic conditions, such as liver disease, kidney disease, or thyroid issues like hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

If no clear cause is found through initial testing, your vet may suggest advanced imaging, such as an MRI scan, to check for structural problems like brain tumours or the effects of head trauma.

In some cases, X-rays of the skull may be used as well. Your cat may be referred to a veterinary neurologist for further assessment if needed. If all test results come back normal but seizures continue, your cat may be diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy.

Treatment and Management Of Epilepsy in Cats

Cat epilepsy treatment depends on the underlying cause. If seizures are caused by an infection, trauma or another health issue, your vet will treat the primary condition while also working to control seizures. In many cases, anti-epileptic medications are used to help prevent future episodes.

Long-term management of Idiopathic epilepsy in cats typically involves starting cat epilepsy medications, such as phenobarbital. These medications don't cure the condition, but they help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. Your vet will monitor your cat's response with regular blood tests and may adjust the dosage based on seizure control and side effects.

Identifying and avoiding cat epilepsy triggers is another important part of management. Triggers include stress, flashing lights, loud noises or suddenly stopping epilepsy medications.

Many cat owners find it useful to keep a log of cat epilepsy symptoms, seizure dates and medications. This helps you and your vet track patterns and adjust treatment as needed. It's also important to report each seizure to your vet, even if your cat has a known diagnosis.

Can Cats Have Epilepsy and Live A Normal Life?

While epilepsy is a long-term condition, many cats enjoy a good quality of life with the right care and support. It's usually best to keep epileptic cats indoors until their seizures are well controlled. Once stable, some may return outdoors, ideally in a secure, cat-safe garden or enclosed 'catio' to minimise risk.

Life expectancy varies depending on the cause and how well treatment works. In some cases involving severe brain injury or disease, euthanasia may sadly be the kindest option.

However, many cats respond well to treatment and go on to live long, happy lives. Regular vet check-ups and a stable routine can make all the difference.

While epilepsy can change how you manage your cat's care, with the right support, it's entirely possible for cats and epilepsy to coexist comfortably. Working closely with your vet, keeping detailed records, and learning to identify potential triggers can all make a significant difference.

A consistent routine, medication when needed, and a safe, stress-free environment will help your cat feel secure. With the right care, cats with epilepsy can enjoy a full, happy life and remain cherished family members for many years.

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